Follow @Robots4Whales

Welcome to Robots4Whales, the website for the autonomous platform operations of marine ecologist Mark Baumgartner at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and his collaborators. We monitor the presence of marine mammals from ocean-going robots using the sounds the animals make. The robots automatically detect those sounds, identify the species based on characteristics of the sounds, and report which species have been heard to scientists on shore via satellite in near real time. Visit any of the projects below to find out where the robots are and what they've been hearing lately.

Latest Detections

Platform Species detected in last 3 days Operator
Santa Barbara buoy Blue, fin and humpback whales Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
New York Bight SE buoy Fin whale Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Atlantic City buoy Fin whale Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Martha's Vineyard buoy Fin whale Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Ocean City buoy No detections in the last 3 days Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Roseway Basin Slocum glider Sei, fin and humpback whales Dalhousie University
Cape Hatteras buoy No detections in the last 3 days Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Cox Ledge Slocum glider Fin whale Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Coastal New Jersey Slocum glider No detections in the last 3 days Rutgers University




Projects

Active missions

Slocum Glider G3, Coastal New Jersey (November 2021)

Slocum Glider G3, Cox Ledge (November 2021)

Moored Buoy, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (October 2021)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Canada (October 2021)

Moored Buoy, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (July 2021)

Moored Buoy, Atlantic City, New Jersey (July 2021)

Moored Buoy, Ocean City, Maryland (May 2021)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight SE (May 2021)

Moored Buoy, Santa Barbara Channel (May 2021)


Archived missions

Slocum Glider G3, New England Outer Continental Shelf (September 2021)

Slocum Glider G2, Northern Gulf of Maine (October 2021)

Slocum glider G3, Laurentian Channel, Canada (September 2021)

Slocum glider G3, Cabot Strait, Canada (July 2021)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight NW (May 2021)

Slocum Glider G2, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (July 2021)

Slocum glider G3, Laurentian Channel, Canada (June 2021)

Moored Buoy, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (July 2020)

Moored Buoy, Atlantic City, New Jersey (July 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Cox Ledge (March 2021)

Slocum Glider G3, Stellwagen Bank (March 2021)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of Maine (December 2020)

Moored Buoy, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (December 2020)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight NW (January 2020)

Moored Buoy, Santa Barbara Channel (November 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Cox Ledge (November 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Stellwagen Bank (December 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Coastal New Jersey (February 2021)

Slocum Glider G3, Coastal New Jersey (November 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Roseway Basin, Canada (October 2020)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight SE (January 2020)

Laurentian Channel, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada (August 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Coastal New Jersey (October 2020)

Slocum Glider G2, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (September 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Roseway Basin, Canada (September 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, New England Outer Continental Shelf (June 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (July 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Coastal New Jersey (July 2020)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Bank (May 2020)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Bank (April 2020)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of Maine (December 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Bank (March 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Cox Ledge (December 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (February 2020)

Slocum Glider G3, Northern Mid-Atlantic Bight (January 2020)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Bank (January 2020)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight (February 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Roseway Basin, Canada (September 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Honguedo Strait), Canada (September 2019)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Orpheline Trough), Canada (August 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Roseway Basin, Canada (August 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shediac Valley), Canada (June 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Orpheline Trough), Canada (July 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Orpheline Trough), Canada (June 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Chiloé Island, Gulf of Corcovado, Chile (May 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Chiloé Island, Inner Sea, Chile (May 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Chiloé Island, Gulf of Corcovado, Chile (April 2019)

Slocum Glider G1, Chiloé Island, Inner Sea, Chile (April 2019)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of Maine (December 2018)

Slocum Glider G3, Northern Mid-Atlantic Bight (January 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (January 2019)

Slocum Glider G3, Scotian Shelf (Halifax Line), Canada (March 2019)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight (February 2018)

Moored Buoy, Mount Desert Rock (October 2018)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shediac Valley), Canada (November 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Orpheline Trough), Canada (October 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (November 2018)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shediac Valley), Canada (September 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Orpheline Trough), Canada (June 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (September 2018)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shediac Valley), Canada (July 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (August 2018)

Slocum Glider G3, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shediac Valley), Canada (June 2018)

Slocum Glider G1, Chiloé Island, Chile (April 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Mid-Atlantic Bight (February 2018)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (December 2017)

Moored Buoy, New York Bight (June 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (August 2017)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada (October 2017)

Moored Buoy, Nomans Land, Massachusetts (September 2016 - October 2017)

Wave Glider, Gulf of Maine (July 2017)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada (June 2017)

Slocum Glider G2, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (July 2017)

Slocum Glider G1, Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf, Canada (June 2017)

Slocum Glider G1, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (May 2017)

Moored Buoy, Mount Desert Rock, Northern Gulf of Maine (June 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Nomans Land, Massachusetts (we03, February 2017)

Slocum Glider G2, Vancouver, Canada (otn200, January 2017)

Wave Glider, Gulf of Maine (August 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Canada (otn200, November 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Canada (dal556, October 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Mount Desert Rock, Northern Gulf of Maine (we03, September 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Gulf of St. Lawrence & Eastern Scotian Shelf, Canada (otn201, July 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Western Scotian Shelf, Canada (otn200, June 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (July 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Great South Channel, Gulf of Maine (we03, April 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Great South Channel, Gulf of Maine (NAVO sl206, April 2016)

Slocum Glider G2, Great South Channel, Gulf of Maine (we03, March 2016)

Moored Buoy, Mount Desert Rock, Northern Gulf of Maine (September 2015)

Moored Buoy, Nomans Land, Massachusetts (March 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Stellwagen Basin, Gulf of Maine (we03, Feburary 2016)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Basin, Gulf of Maine (we10, December 2015)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Basin, Gulf of Maine (we04, November 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Roseway Basin, Southwestern Scotian Shelf, Canada (dal556, September 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Halifax Line, Scotian Shelf, Canada (OTN200, October 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Halifax Line, Scotian Shelf, Canada (OTN200, September 2015)

Slocum Glider G1, Roseway Basin, Southwestern Scotian Shelf, Canada (we04, July 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (July 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Halifax Line, Scotian Shelf, Canada (OTN200, July 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Great South Channel, Gulf of Maine (we03, April 2015)

Wave Glider, Gulf of Maine (April 2015)

Slocum Glider G1, Stellwagen Basin, Gulf of Maine (December 2014)

Slocum Glider G1, Chukchi Sea, Northwestern Alaska (Arctic) (September 2014)

Slocum Glider G1, Roseway Basin, Southwestern Scotian Shelf, Canada (September 2014)

Slocum Glider G1, Great South Channel, Gulf of Maine (April-May 2014)

Slocum Glider G1, Chukchi Sea, Arctic (September 2013)

Slocum Glider G1, Outer Fall, Gulf of Maine (November-December 2012)


Test deployments

Wave Glider, Nomans Land, Massachusetts (Crispus Attucks, April 2017)

Wave Glider, Nomans Land Test, Massachusetts (Crispus Attucks, August 2015)

Slocum Glider G2, Nomans Land Test, Massachusetts (April 2015)

Wave Glider, Nomans Land Test (Sam Adams), Massachusetts (April 2015)

Wave Glider, Nomans Land Test (Crispus Attucks), Massachusetts (April 2015)

Moored Buoy, Race Point Engineering Trial 2014, Provincetown, Massachusetts (August-November 2014)

Moored Buoy, Race Point Engineering Trial 2013, Provincetown, Massachusetts (September 2013)

Operation

The robots carry the digital acoustic monitoring instrument or DMON, a passive acoustic instrument that is capable of recording and processing audio in realtime. We have implemented a low-frequency detection and classification system (LFDCS; Baumgartner and Mussoline 2011) on the DMON to identify marine mammal calls from a variety of autonomous platforms, including gliders, profiling floats, and moorings (Baumgartner et al. 2013). The LFDCS produces pitch tracks of sounds, which describe changes in the frequency (pitch) of a call over time. Scientists typically examine spectrograms to identify marine mammal calls, such as the one below, and pitch tracks are derived from these spectrograms.




  Play the audio depicted in the spectrogram above (sped up by a factor of 12 to make these low-frequency calls audible)

Spectrograms are a method to visualize sound, and they describe how the frequency (pitch) of sounds change over time. They also describe the loudness or amplitude of a sound (in the spectrogram above, calls that are louder appear brighter). Very simply, the LFDCS seeks to "draw a line" through each call in the spectrogram. These lines, or pitch tracks, can be used to describe the call. The pitch tracks depicted below were generated from the spectrogram above (the colors indicate the loudness of the call; cooler colors are quieter, warmer colors are louder).





Note that the calls shown in the spectrogram are easily recognizable by their corresponding pitch tracks. The LFDCS extracts simple statistics of each pitch track (e.g., duration, average frequency, rate of change of frequency with time) and uses quadratic discriminant function analysis to classify each call. Classification is based on a known set of calls contained in a call library that is defined prior to deployment of the DMON/LFDCS. Through communications with the robot, and ultimately with a shore-based computer via Iridium satellite transmission, the DMON/LFDCS remotely reports tallies of calls for each call type in its call library, as well as a subset of pitch tracks. Because of limitations in the amount of data that can be transmitted via satellite, the DMON/LFDCS relays a maximum of 8 KB of pitch track data every hour.

Sounds

 What sounds are we listening for? From the North Atlantic, here are a few examples of the fin, humpback, right, and sei whale sounds that we can detect. Many are sped up to make them easier to hear (e.g., "24x" means the sound has been sped up 24 times). Many of the sounds large whales make are very low frequency and are therefore difficult to hear over computer speakers. Speeding up the sounds raises the pitch (frequency), which makes them much easier for us to hear. For each species, the clips below are of the same sounds, just sped up at different rates. To hear the sounds at 1x (normal speed), try using a great pair of over-the-ear headphones.


Fin whale "20-Hz" call:

     24x:



Humpback whale singing:

     1x:

     2x:

     4x:



Right whale "upcall":

     1x:

     2x:

     4x:



Sei whale "LF downsweep":

     1x:

     2x:

     4x:



Sei whale "LF downsweep doublet":

     1x:

     2x:

     4x:



These sounds were recorded on the Nomans Land DMON buoy between March 2015 and March 2016. You are welcome to use them; please credit Mark Baumgartner, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Platforms

The DMON/LFDCS has been implemented on several ocean robots (also called autonomous platforms):



Slocum glider: Slocum gliders (Teledyne Webb Research) operate by moving up and down in the water column using a buoyancy pump. The pump only operates at the beginning and end of a dive; therefore the vehicle is silent during descent and ascent, making it ideal for passive acoustic monitoring. Short wings provide lift and passively generating forward momentum during descent and ascent. Slocum gliders are capable of moving horizontally at slow speeds (< 1 knot), and their endurance is limited to 3-5 weeks when powered using alkaline batteries. They are equipped with oceanographic sensors, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and an Iridium satellite modem that allows two-way communication with a shore-side computer. The vehicle is navigated simply by providing new waypoints to the vehicle during Iridium communication sessions; the vehicle is capable of self-navigating to these waypoints by adjusting its roll and yaw to change direction. The DMON hydrophone is mounted externally in faired acoustically transparent polyurethane, so flow noise is negligible.

Profiling float: APEX profiling floats (Teledyne Webb Research) also move up and down in the water column using a buoyancy pump, but they lack wings to provide lift and forward momentum. They therefore passively drift with the ocean currents and cannot be accurately navigated. To retard the movement of a profiling float, the vehicle can be "parked" at or near the bottom where the sub-tidal currents are typically quite slow, and the frequency with which they return to the surface to transmit data to a shore-side computer is kept quite low. Like the Slocum glider, profiling floats are equipped with oceanographic sensors, a GPS receiver, and an Iridium satellite modem, and the DMON hydrophone is mounted externally in acoustically transparent polyurethane.

Wave glider: Wave gliders (Liquid Robotics, Inc.) consist of a surface float (resembling a surfboard) and a tethered "sub" that use the energy of surface waves to provide propulsion and solar-charged batteries to provide power for the navigation system, instrumentation, and Iridium modem. Like the Slocum glider, the wave glider can be navigated by supplying new waypoints during Iridium communication sessions. However, its endurance is theoretically unlimited, making it ideal for persistent use in remote and harsh environments over time scales of months to years. The DMON hydrophone is suspended several meters below the "sub" in a hydrodynamic towfish, and the hydrophone cable features mid-length floatation to decouple the motion of the vehicle from that of the hydrophone.

Moored buoy: The WHOI Mooring Group has developed a successful moored buoy design for a variety of acoustic applications. The DMON instrument and hydrophone are suspended at depth on the mooring line between an anchor and a subsurface float. This float, in turn, is attached to a surface buoy via a "stretch hose" with helical electromagnetic conductors embedded in the walls of the hose. The hose can stretch to nearly twice its relaxed length and is thus capable of decoupling the motions of the surface buoy from the mooring line below the subsurface float. This ensures a quiet acoustic environment for passive acoustic monitoring. The conductors in the stretch hose and electromagnetic cable allow (1) power to be delivered to the DMON from the alkaline battery pack in the surface buoy well, and (2) detection data to be delivered from the DMON/LFDCS to a data logger in the surface buoy. The data logger continuously collects and stores these data and eventually transmits them to a shore-side computer via an Iridium satellite modem on a pre-determined schedule (e.g., once every hour).




Near Real-time Analyst Protocol

Analysts are trained to review DMON/LFDCS data in near real time using a protocol so that results are standardized and consistent among analysts. Note that protocols are periodically updated. The protocol for detecting sei, fin, humpback, and right whales in the northwest Atlantic Ocean can be found here.

LFDCS User Manual

If you are using the desktop version of the LFDCS, visit the LFDCS manual for more information.

For more information

For more information about the DMON and LFDCS, see the following papers...

Questions?

If you have any questions, please contact Mark Baumgartner at mbaumgartner@whoi.edu.